Occurrence and toxicological assessment of selected active pharmaceutical ingredients in effluents of pharmaceutical manufacturing plants and wastewater treatment plants in Kampala, Uganda

نویسندگان

چکیده

Abstract There is an increasing eco-toxicological risk associated with pharmaceuticals globally. The prevalence of six active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) was studied in effluents three manufacturing plants (PMPs) and two wastewater treatment (WWTPs) Kampala, Uganda to ascertain the removal potentials for APIs. APIs include atenolol, losartan, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, clarithromycin, diclofenac. were extracted using solid-phase extraction cartridges concentrations analyzed a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer system. concentration ranges <limit detection (LOD), <LOD – 4.75, 1.37, 1.17, 0.28–19.55 mgL−1 diclofenac, clarithromycin respectively WWTPs, whereas treated from PMPs 0.00, 0.00–0.23, 5.30–7.4, 0.00–0.14, 0.12–4.53 respectively. API efficiency higher than WWTPs some removed <LOD. range hazard quotients (HQs) 0.018–0.9775000 most posing remarkably high environmental risks at HQs way greater 1. Only sulfamethoxazole Lubigi WWTP, Bugolobi PMP C posed low <1 0.018, 0.305, 0.018 imply that immediate recipients are very toxicological risks, yet studies have focused on final destinations environments where often minimal due dilution effects.

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ژورنال

عنوان ژورنال: Water Practice & Technology

سال: 2022

ISSN: ['1751-231X']

DOI: https://doi.org/10.2166/wpt.2022.024